Steel production process.
2022-04-29
Steel: An alloy with Fe and C as the main constituent elements, and also contains Si, Mn, P, S and other impurity elements. Contains pig iron and steel.
Pig iron: iron-carbon alloy with high carbon content (wc>2.11%) and high content of impurity elements, pig iron has high hardness and brittleness, and is rarely used directly.
Steel: an iron-carbon alloy with a low mass fraction of carbon (wc<2.11%) and a low content of impurity elements. Steel generally has good strength and toughness, and is a commonly used metal material.
Steel: Steel ingots or billets are processed into various shapes and specifications by pressure.
1. Ironmaking Ironmaking essence: it is the process of reducing iron from ore. Ironmaking method: blast furnace ironmaking Ironmaking raw materials: iron ore, coke, solvent and other raw materials Iron ore "Fe3O4", hematite "Fe2O3", limonite "2Fe2O3.3H2O", siderite "FeCO3". In addition to iron compounds, iron ore also contains compounds such as silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur, which are collectively referred to as gangue coke: the heat of combustion provides a heat source for iron making; the CO gas generated by incomplete combustion is used as a reducing agent to reduce Iron is reduced from ore fluxes: limestone (CaCO3), fluorite (CaF2).
Its function is to combine with the gangue in the iron ore to form slag with low melting point, low density and good fluidity, so as to separate it from the molten iron, so as to obtain a relatively pure liquid pig iron. The main product of the blast furnace is pig iron, and the by-products are slag and Furnace gas (see the smelting process and principle) Pig iron Steel-making pig iron: the mass fraction of silicon is low (wSi<1.25%), the fracture is silvery white, mainly used for steelmaking and casting pig iron: the mass fraction of silicon is high (wSi> 1.25%~3.2%), the fracture is gray-black, and it is used as raw material for casting
2. Steelmaking The essence of steelmaking: is to reduce the content of carbon and impurity elements in pig iron through oxidation, so that it can reach the composition and performance specified in the standard; steelmaking raw materials: the raw materials of steelmaking include pig iron, scrap steel, flux (limestone, etc.) , deoxidizer (ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, aluminum, etc.), alloy materials, etc.; steelmaking process: mainly includes oxidation, slagging, deoxidation, etc.; steelmaking methods: the current steelmaking methods mainly include oxygen top-blown converter steelmaking and electric furnace Steelmaking, etc.; Oxygen top-blowing converter steelmaking: mainly use pig iron liquid as raw material, add an appropriate amount of scrap steel, which is characterized by high productivity, energy saving and low cost, suitable for large iron and steel complexes, mainly producing various general-purpose non-ferrous metals. Alloy Steel (Carbon Steel)
Electric furnace steelmaking: EAF steelmaking includes electric arc furnace steelmaking, induction furnace steelmaking and other methods, and the most commonly used is electric arc furnace steelmaking. It uses converter steel and scrap steel as raw materials, iron ore and pure oxygen as oxidants, and provides smelting heat source with arc heat between electrodes and metal charge. The electric arc furnace has a high smelting temperature (up to 2000 ℃), and can smelt alloy steel containing high melting point alloy elements; due to the relatively pure charge used, the smelting process is easy to adjust, and the chemical composition is easy to control, and it can smelt high-grade high-quality steel and alloy steel. Electric arc furnace steelmaking consumes a lot of electricity and costs a lot.
Casting of steel: The process of solidification of molten steel into ingots or billets. According to the degree of deoxidation of steel, it can be divided into killed steel and boiling steel. Killed steel: Refers to fully deoxidized steel. Killed steel has a dense structure and good performance. The head of the ingot needs to be removed during processing to reduce the yield. Boiling steel: refers to steel with insufficient deoxidation. There are many pores in the boiling steel ingot, the structure is loose, and the performance is worse than that of the killed steel. However, the yield is high, and the surface quality of the rolled sheet is good. Semi-killed steel: steel with a degree of deoxidization between killed steel and boiling steel.
3. Steel production Steel types: steel plates, section steels, steel pipes, steel wires, etc.; production methods: mainly rolling (cold rolling and hot rolling), drawing, extrusion, forging and other methods. Steel Plate: Steel ingots or billets are rolled into steel plates. The steel plate can be galvanized, tin-plated, lead-plated, plastic composite, etc. Surface treatment Medium and heavy plate: 5mm; medium plate thickness is 3~5mm, generally hot-rolled sheet: the thickness is less than 3mm, the blank is hot-rolled medium and heavy plate, using Cold-rolled steel strip: supplied in coils, cold-rolled section steel: rolled by section rolling mill. There are round steel, square steel, flat steel, hexagonal steel, octagonal steel, I-beam, channel steel, angle steel, T-beam and so on.
Ordinary section steel is mainly used for buildings, bridges, vehicles, etc., and high-quality section steel is mainly used for mechanical parts, tools and other steel wires: it is drawn from hot-rolled wire rods (coil rods) with a diameter of 6~9mm.
Pig iron: iron-carbon alloy with high carbon content (wc>2.11%) and high content of impurity elements, pig iron has high hardness and brittleness, and is rarely used directly.
Steel: an iron-carbon alloy with a low mass fraction of carbon (wc<2.11%) and a low content of impurity elements. Steel generally has good strength and toughness, and is a commonly used metal material.
Steel: Steel ingots or billets are processed into various shapes and specifications by pressure.
1. Ironmaking Ironmaking essence: it is the process of reducing iron from ore. Ironmaking method: blast furnace ironmaking Ironmaking raw materials: iron ore, coke, solvent and other raw materials Iron ore "Fe3O4", hematite "Fe2O3", limonite "2Fe2O3.3H2O", siderite "FeCO3". In addition to iron compounds, iron ore also contains compounds such as silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur, which are collectively referred to as gangue coke: the heat of combustion provides a heat source for iron making; the CO gas generated by incomplete combustion is used as a reducing agent to reduce Iron is reduced from ore fluxes: limestone (CaCO3), fluorite (CaF2).
Its function is to combine with the gangue in the iron ore to form slag with low melting point, low density and good fluidity, so as to separate it from the molten iron, so as to obtain a relatively pure liquid pig iron. The main product of the blast furnace is pig iron, and the by-products are slag and Furnace gas (see the smelting process and principle) Pig iron Steel-making pig iron: the mass fraction of silicon is low (wSi<1.25%), the fracture is silvery white, mainly used for steelmaking and casting pig iron: the mass fraction of silicon is high (wSi> 1.25%~3.2%), the fracture is gray-black, and it is used as raw material for casting
2. Steelmaking The essence of steelmaking: is to reduce the content of carbon and impurity elements in pig iron through oxidation, so that it can reach the composition and performance specified in the standard; steelmaking raw materials: the raw materials of steelmaking include pig iron, scrap steel, flux (limestone, etc.) , deoxidizer (ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, aluminum, etc.), alloy materials, etc.; steelmaking process: mainly includes oxidation, slagging, deoxidation, etc.; steelmaking methods: the current steelmaking methods mainly include oxygen top-blown converter steelmaking and electric furnace Steelmaking, etc.; Oxygen top-blowing converter steelmaking: mainly use pig iron liquid as raw material, add an appropriate amount of scrap steel, which is characterized by high productivity, energy saving and low cost, suitable for large iron and steel complexes, mainly producing various general-purpose non-ferrous metals. Alloy Steel (Carbon Steel)
Electric furnace steelmaking: EAF steelmaking includes electric arc furnace steelmaking, induction furnace steelmaking and other methods, and the most commonly used is electric arc furnace steelmaking. It uses converter steel and scrap steel as raw materials, iron ore and pure oxygen as oxidants, and provides smelting heat source with arc heat between electrodes and metal charge. The electric arc furnace has a high smelting temperature (up to 2000 ℃), and can smelt alloy steel containing high melting point alloy elements; due to the relatively pure charge used, the smelting process is easy to adjust, and the chemical composition is easy to control, and it can smelt high-grade high-quality steel and alloy steel. Electric arc furnace steelmaking consumes a lot of electricity and costs a lot.
Casting of steel: The process of solidification of molten steel into ingots or billets. According to the degree of deoxidation of steel, it can be divided into killed steel and boiling steel. Killed steel: Refers to fully deoxidized steel. Killed steel has a dense structure and good performance. The head of the ingot needs to be removed during processing to reduce the yield. Boiling steel: refers to steel with insufficient deoxidation. There are many pores in the boiling steel ingot, the structure is loose, and the performance is worse than that of the killed steel. However, the yield is high, and the surface quality of the rolled sheet is good. Semi-killed steel: steel with a degree of deoxidization between killed steel and boiling steel.
3. Steel production Steel types: steel plates, section steels, steel pipes, steel wires, etc.; production methods: mainly rolling (cold rolling and hot rolling), drawing, extrusion, forging and other methods. Steel Plate: Steel ingots or billets are rolled into steel plates. The steel plate can be galvanized, tin-plated, lead-plated, plastic composite, etc. Surface treatment Medium and heavy plate: 5mm; medium plate thickness is 3~5mm, generally hot-rolled sheet: the thickness is less than 3mm, the blank is hot-rolled medium and heavy plate, using Cold-rolled steel strip: supplied in coils, cold-rolled section steel: rolled by section rolling mill. There are round steel, square steel, flat steel, hexagonal steel, octagonal steel, I-beam, channel steel, angle steel, T-beam and so on.
Ordinary section steel is mainly used for buildings, bridges, vehicles, etc., and high-quality section steel is mainly used for mechanical parts, tools and other steel wires: it is drawn from hot-rolled wire rods (coil rods) with a diameter of 6~9mm.
Annealed low carbon steel wire can be used for bundling objects and can also be braided into various articles; high carbon steel wire can be made into various springs, or twisted with multiple steel wires into stranded steel wire ropes and wire ropes for slings, wires, cables , fixed objects, etc. Steel pipe: divided into seamless pipe and welded pipe. Seamless pipe: The pipe is made by cold drawing or hot rolling after piercing the solid billet with a cross-rolling piercer. Seamless steel pipes are mainly used in the petroleum, chemical and other industries to form steel plates or steel strips by rolling and then welding. Seam steel pipes are widely used, mainly for water pipes, gas pipes, etc.
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